ALCOSstandardsBio&PowerPoints

=Alabama State Course of Study: Science, Grade 9 - 12, Biology, 2005 = ====**See ALEX (Alabama Learning Exchange) for some web links and lesson plans** ==== 
 * ==**//Thanks to Ms. Beth Allaway and her students at NHS for the PowerPoints! //**==

• Describing the steps of the scientific method • Comparing controls, dependent variables, and independent variables • Identifying safe laboratory procedures when handling chemicals and using Bunsen burners and laboratory glassware • Using appropriate SI units for measuring length, volume, and mass 
 * 1.) Select appropriate laboratory glassware, balances, time measuring equipment, and optical instruments to conduct an experiment. **

• Identifying functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in cellular activities • Comparing the reaction of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions • Explaining how surface area, cell size, temperature, light, and pH affect cellular activities • Applying the concept of fluid pressure to biological systems Examples: blood pressure, turgor pressure, bends, strokes
 * 2.) Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, and endocytosis. **

Red Blood Cells in Solutions 


 * 3.) Identify reactants and products associated with photosynthesis and cellular respiration and the purposes of these two processes. **



• Identifying scientists who contributed to the cell theory Examples: Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, van Leeuwenhoek • Distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Identifying various technologies used to observe cells Examples: light microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope 
 * 4.) Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and tables. **

• Recognizing that cells differentiate to perform specific functions Examples: ciliated cells to produce movement, nerve cells to conduct electrical charges
 * 5.) Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere. **



• Comparing sperm and egg formation in terms of ploidy Example: ploidy-haploid, diploid • Comparing sexual and asexual reproduction 
 * 6.) Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic divisions during reproduction, growth, and repair of cells. **

• Defining important genetic terms, including dihybrid cross, monohybrid cross, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant trait, recessive trait, incomplete dominance, codominance, and allele • Interpreting inheritance patterns shown in graphs and charts • Calculating genotypic and phenotypic percentages and ratios using a Punnett square 
 * 7.) Apply Mendel's law to determine phenotypic and genotypic probabilities of offspring. **

• Explaining relationships among DNA, genes, and chromosomes • Listing significant contributions of biotechnology to society, including agricultural and medical practices Examples: DNA fingerprinting, insulin, growth hormone • Relating normal patterns of genetic inheritance to genetic variation Example: crossing-over • Relating ways chance, mutagens, and genetic engineering increase diversity Examples: insertion, deletion, translocation, inversion, recombinant DNA • Relating genetic disorders and disease to patterns of genetic inheritance Examples: hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, Down's syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, color blindness, phenylketonuria (PKU) 
 * 8.) Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and protein. **

• Sequencing taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive in the classification of living things • Identifying organisms using a dichotomous key • Identifying ways in which organisms from the Monera, Protista, and Fungi kingdoms are beneficial and harmful Examples: - beneficial-decomposers, - harmful-diseases • Justifying the grouping of viruses in a category separate from living things • Writing scientific names accurately by using binomial nomenclature 
 * 9.) Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and current six-kingdom classification systems. **

• Describing the histology of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers • Recognizing chemical and physical adaptations of plants Examples: - chemical-foul odor, bitter taste, toxicity; - physical-spines, needles, broad leaves 
 * 10.) Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and nonvascular plants. **

Examples: - skeletal structure-vertebrates, invertebrates; - fertilization-external, internal; - reproduction-sexual, asexual; - body symmetry-bilateral, radial, asymmetrical; - body coverings-feathers, scales, fur; - locomotion-cilia, flagella, pseudopodia 
 * 11.) Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization and reproduction, body symmetry, body coverings, and locomotion. **

• Identifying ways in which the theory of evolution explains the nature and diversity of organisms • Describing natural selection, survival of the fittest, geographic isolation, and fossil record 
 * 12.) Describe protective adaptations of animals, including mimicry, camouflage, beak type, migration, and hibernation. **

• Describing the interdependence of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem Examples: effects of humidity on stomata size, effects of dissolved oxygen on fish respiration • Contrasting autotrophs and heterotrophs • Describing the niche of decomposers • Using the ten percent law to explain the decreasing availability of energy through the trophic levels 
 * 13.) Trace the flow of energy as it decreases through the trophic levels from producers to the quaternary level in food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids. **

• Relating natural disasters, climate changes, nonnative species, and human activity to the dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems Examples: - natural disasters-habitat destruction resulting from tornadoes; - climate changes-changes in migratory patterns of birds; - nonnative species-exponential growth of kudzu and Zebra mussels due to absence of natural controls; - human activity-habitat destruction resulting in reduction of biodiversity, conservation resulting in preservation of biodiversity • Describing the process of ecological succession 
 * 14.) Trace biogeochemical cycles through the environment, including water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. **

Example: tundra-permafrost, low humidity, lichens, polar bears
 * 15.) Identify biomes based on environmental factors and native organisms. **



Examples: - density-dependent-disease, predator-prey relationships, availability of food and water; - density-independent-natural disasters, climate • Discriminating among symbiotic relationships, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
 * 16.) Identify density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem. **